1999 Atlantic hurricane season

1999 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
First storm formed June 11, 1999
Last storm dissipated November 23, 1999
Strongest storm Floyd – 921 mbar (hPa) (27.21 inHg), 155 mph (250 km/h)
Total storms 12
Hurricanes 8
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) 5
Total fatalities 465
Total damage $5.9 billion (1999 USD)
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
Related article

The 1999 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1999, and lasted until November 30, 1999. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.

The 1999 season set a record by having five storms reach Category 4 strength, which was later tied by the 2005 season. Hurricane Floyd was the deadliest United States hurricane since Hurricane Agnes in 1972, killing 57 people and causing billions in damage as it moved northward along the Atlantic coast. Hurricane Lenny killed 17 as it tracked eastward across the Caribbean, the first hurricane known to do so for an extended time. Lenny, reaching peak winds of 155 mph (249 km/h) just 13 days before the end of the season, was the strongest Atlantic hurricane in the month of November. The deadliest storm of the season by far, however, was a weak tropical depression in October that caused devastating floods in Mexico.

Contents

Season summary

The season's activity was reflected with a high cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 177.[1] ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength.[2]

Storms

See also: Timeline of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season


Tropical Storm Arlene

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration June 11 – June 18
Intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min),  1006 mbar (hPa)

A mid- to upper-level low developed along the tail end of a diffuse front in the central Atlantic Ocean in early June. While moving northward, it generated convection, and developed a small low-level circulation. Based on increased outflow and organization, it was classified as Tropical Depression One on June 11, and the next day it strengthened into Tropical Storm Arlene under generally favorable conditions while several hundred miles southeast of Bermuda. Initially it had characteristics of a subtropical cyclone, although gradually it attained the structure of a typical tropical cyclone. The storm moved roughly northwestward, reaching peak winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) on June 13.[3]

Originally, Arlene was expected to pass near Bermuda, which prompted a tropical storm warning, although no impact was reported on the island. By the time it neared the island, it was weakening due to increasing wind shear and cooler water temperatures. On June 17, it weakened to a depression as it passed within 115 miles (185 km) of Bermuda. Arlene dissipated on June 18 as it was absorbed into a frontal zone about 280 miles (450 km) north-north east of Bermuda.[3]

Tropical Depression Two

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration July 2 – July 3
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  1004 mbar (hPa)

This depression formed from a tropical wave that was tracked from the coast of Africa on 20 June. As the wave moved into the extreme western Caribbean on 30 June, a broad cyclonic turning was noted. The system moved over the Yucatan peninsula on 1 July, and a weak low pressure area entered the Bay of Campeche early on 2 July. Later that day, deep convection became more organized over the extreme southwest Gulf of Mexico. A ship reported northwesterly winds of about 30 mph (48 km/h), which indicated the development of a tropical depression by 1800 UTC on 2 July. The depression quickly reached its peak intensity with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1004 mbars (29.6 inHg). Around 0400 UTC 3 July, the center of the depression crossed the coast of Mexico about 35 n mi south-southeast of Tuxpan. A few hours later, the cyclone weakened to dissipation over the mountains of Mexico. [4]

The depression dropped heavy rain on the area amounting to a maximum of 20.37 in (517 mm) at Tanzabaca, Mexico.[5] Roughly 14.6 in (370 mm) of this fell in a 24-hour span.[6] No damage was reported in relation to Tropical Depression Two.[7]

Hurricane Bret

Category 4 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration August 18 – August 25
Intensity 145 mph (230 km/h) (1-min),  944 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Bret (1999)

A tropical depression that formed in the Bay of Campeche on August 18 reached tropical storm strength and received the name Bret late on August 19. Bret moved north, and strengthened into a 145 mph (130 km/h) Category 4 hurricane on August 22. As it approached Texas, Bret turned to the northwest, and made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane at Padre Island on August 23, becoming the first major hurricane to hit Texas since Hurricane Alicia in 1983. The storm continued inland and dissipated over northern Mexico on August 25. Damage is estimated at $60 million (1999 USD; $79.1 million 2012 USD), which is rather low for a hurricane of this intensity. Hurricane Bret made landfall in the sparsely populated Kenedy County, Texas, missing Brownsville, Texas, to its south and Corpus Christi, Texas, to its north. The hurricane dissipated quickly after its last advisory for the city of Laredo, Texas.[8]

Along the Texas coastline, Bret threatened several cities, resulting in the evacuation of 180,000 residents. Numerous shelters were opened throughout the region and prisons were evacuated. In nearby Mexico, roughly 7,000 people evacuated the coastline ahead of the storm. Bret made landfall in a sparsely populated region, resulting in relatively little damage in comparison to its intensity. Nevertheless, seven people were killed by the storm, four in Texas and three in Mexico. Most of the deaths were due to car accidents caused by slick roads. In all, the storm caused $15 million (1999 USD; $19.8 million 2012 USD) in damages.[8]

Hurricane Cindy

Category 4 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration August 19 – August 31
Intensity 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min),  942 mbar (hPa)

On August 18, a tropical wave moved westward off the coast of Africa.[9] With low pressures and gradually organizing convection, the wave spawned Tropical Depression Four in the eastern Atlantic.[10] Initially it failed to intensify due to wind shear,[9] and the center became ill-defined and difficult to locate on August 20.[11] After passing south of Cape Verde,[12] the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Cindy as the convection became concentrated around the center.[13] Because of a strong ridge to its north, Cindy moved generally westward at first, though by August 21 it turned to the northwest as the ridge began to weaken.[14] Banding features gradually increased as outflow improved,[15] and late on August 21, Cindy was upgraded to a hurricane.[16]

After reaching hurricane status, an increase in wind shear caused the center to be sheared from the convection,[17] and Cindy quickly weakened to a tropical storm.[18] Nearly two days later, high wind shear remained as the winds decreased to 60 mph (97 km/h).[19] The shear decreased on August 24,[9] and the convection increased over the center.[20] By late on August 25, Cindy regained hurricane status.[9] A ragged eye appeared on satellite imagery on August 27,[21] and early on August 28 it attained major hurricane status.[22] Cindy turned north-northwestward, now showing a well-defined eye,[9] and reached category 4 intensity with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).[23] Turning northward, the storm remained at peak intensity until August 30 when wind shear became prominent again, and Cindy began to weaken.[9] On August 31, Cindy was downgraded to a tropical storm,[24] and later that day it merged with a large extratropical storm northwest of the Azores. There were no reports of damage or fatalities.[9]

Hurricane Dennis

Category 2 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration August 24 – September 9
Intensity 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min),  962 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Dennis (1999)

Dennis was traced to a tropical wave moving off the African coast on August 17. Moving west-northwestward, the wave strengthened into a tropical depression on August 23, and then into a tropical storm the following day. Located at the eastern end of an elongated trough, Dennis was affected by westerly shear. Despite the unfavorable conditions, the storm intensified, and reached hurricane status on August 26 over the Bahamas. Due a trough, Dennis moved very erratically. After passing through the Bahamas, Dennis entered an area more favorable for intensification, and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on August 28. A trough brought Dennis north and northeastward, causing it to parallel the Florida through North Carolina coastlines. While east of Florida Dennis reached its peaked as a Category 2 hurricane, though the wind field never resembled a classical tightly wound hurricane. The eyewall was around 35 miles (56 km) wide at its height. Dennis weakened as it continued northeastward, but still brought hurricane force winds to the North Carolina coast on August 30.[25]

Hurricane Dennis eventually became involved with a cold front, causing vertical shear and cool, dry air to impact the circulation. A ridge of high pressure to its north caused Dennis to stall, leading the cyclone to weaken to a tropical storm on September 1 over the unfavorable conditions. Dennis soon strengthened again as it turned to the west-northwest, and made landfall near Harkers Island, North Carolina, on September 5 just below hurricane strength. The storm rapidly weakened over land, and turned northward through Virginia. It became extratropical on September 7, and was absorbed by a larger extratropical on September 8 over Canada. In all the storm was responsible for producing hurricane-force winds along the North Carolina coast along with beach erosion. The hurricane caused $157 million in damage, and killed four people. The heavy rains from Dennis also set the stage for destructive flooding from Hurricane Floyd about two weeks later.[25]

Tropical Storm Emily

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration August 24 – August 28
Intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min),  1004 mbar (hPa)

The origins of Emily were from a tropical wave that moved off of the African coast in mid-August, which was in a series of tropical waves that also spawned Hurricanes Cindy and Dennis. As the wave continued westward, an area of convection developed along it, which gradually organized. It is estimated it developed into a tropical depression at 0600 UTC on August 24, although advisories were not issued at the time. Within six hours, the depression intensified into a tropical storm,[26] and later that day Hurricane Hunters confirmed its development. On the first advisory, the National Hurricane Center named the system Emily, and with winds estimated at 65 mph (105 km/h), the storm was forecast to attain hurricane status quickly.[27]

The National Hurricane Center later discovered that the estimated winds in Emily were too high, and its peak winds were only 50 mph (85 km/h). Subsequently, it began a steady weakening trend due to increasing wind shear. It became very disorganized, weakening to minimal tropical storm intensity. Emily briefly restrengthened on August 27, although approaching Hurricane Cindy caused the system to weaken further. On August 28, the storm deteriorated to tropical depression status, and shortly thereafter Emily was absorbed by Hurricane Cindy. It never affected land.[28]

Tropical Depression Seven

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration September 5 – September 7
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  1006 mbar (hPa)

A strong monsoon-type flow interacted with a tropical wave in the Bay of Campeche. Early on September 5, satellite imagery indicated a well-defined low-level circulation in the Bay of Campeche. As a result, the system was classified as Tropical Depression Seven late on September 5.[29] The NHC guidance computer model showed the depression heading north-northwestward.[10] By 0000 UTC on September 6, the depression attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,006 mbar (29.7 inHg).[29] Shortly thereafter, the center of circulation of the depression became difficult to locate, but is was likely heading north-northwestward. Despite almost no deep convection and its close proximity to land, the SHIPS model predicted further intensification, due to warm sea surface temperatures.[30]

At 1200 UTC on September 6, the depression made landfall near La Pesca, Tamaulipas with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h).[29] The depression weakened while moving, and both radar and satellite noted only a poorly-defined center of circulation. As a result, the National Hurricane Center issued its final advisory of the depression at 1500 UTC on September 7.[31] The intensity forecast predicted the depression would strengthen to a tropical storm shortly before landfall, as a result, the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning for Tampico to Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico.[10] The storm caused heavy rainfall, though damage and death totals are unknown. In Texas, the depression produced light rainfall, peaking at 3.35 in (85 mm) in Harlingen, Texas.[32]

Hurricane Floyd

Category 4 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration September 7 – September 17
Intensity 155 mph (250 km/h) (1-min),  921 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Floyd

Hurricane Floyd was a large and powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane that was first named on September 8 while about 863 mi (1389 km) east of the Leeward Islands. Floyd slowly intensified and headed west-northwest, staying well north of the Lesser Antilles. On September 11, Floyd turned and began moving almost due west and began to strengthen. On September 13, Floyd was a strong Category 4 hurricane with winds of 155 mph (249 km/h), just short of reaching Category 5.[33]

At this point, Hurricane Floyd was just east of the Bahamas. Floyd weakened slightly as it moved into the islands, striking Eleuthera Island and later making landfall on Abaco Island on September 14 while at the low end of the Category 4 range. Floyd turned north and paralleled the coast of Florida until making landfall near Cape Fear as a Category 2 storm on September 16. It returned to the ocean near Norfolk, Virginia, and traveled up the coasts of the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey as a tropical storm. It passed over Long Island and into New England.[33]

Floyd caused record rainfall across the east coast, with Wilmington, North Carolina, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, setting 24-hour rainfall records of 15 in (380 mm) and 6.63 in (168 mm) in respectively. Portions of New England had rainfall totals nearing 11 in (280 mm). Floyd generated 9 to 10 ft (2.7 to 3.0 m) storm surges across North Carolina. There are 57 deaths directly blamed on Floyd, 56 in the United States and one on Grand Bahama. Most of the deaths were due to freshwater flooding in North Carolina. Floyd was one of the costliest hurricanes on record, with an estimated $4.5 billion (1999 USD; $5.93 billion 2012 USD) in damage.[33]

Hurricane Gert

Category 4 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration September 11 – September 23
Intensity 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min),  930 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Gert (1999)

Gert formed from an African tropical wave several hundred miles west of Cape Verde on September 12. Gert's track arced across the Atlantic, and it became a strong Category 4 storm on September 16. Gert threatened Bermuda as a weakening Category 2 storm, but turned away to the north-northeast. On September 23, Gert became extratropical and merged with another low pressure system off the coast of Newfoundland.[34]

Gert caused isolated instances of hurricane force winds on Bermuda, but damage there was limited to coastal erosion. No deaths are directly attributable to Gert, although two people drowned in Maine when a large wave swept them into the ocean. This wave may have been generated by Gert, despite being thousands of miles away from Maine at the time.[34]

Tropical Storm Harvey

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration September 19 – September 22
Intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min),  994 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Harvey (1999)

Tropical Storm Harvey formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico about 345 miles (555 km) west-southwest of St. Petersburg, Florida on September 20. Shortly after, Harvey made landfall at Everglades City, Florida on September 21 with peak winds of 55 mph (89 km/h) and a pressure of 999 mbar (29.5 inHg). After passing over Florida, Harvey merged with an extratropical cyclone over the northern Bahamas on September 22.

Harvey was responsible for no deaths. Molasses Reef, Florida had a peak gust of 70 mph (110 km/h). Two tornadoes were associated with Harvey, one of which uproofed a house in Collier County. Damage was estimated at $15 million.

Tropical Depression Eleven

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration October 4 – October 6
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  1002 mbar (hPa)
Main article: October 1999 Mexico floods

A tropical wave organized into Tropical Depression Eleven in the Bay of Campeche on October 4. Under weak steering currents, it drifted southward, then westward, remaining weak due to a broad surface trough over the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The depression merged with the trough on October 6, though tropical storm force winds remained over coastal waters. The depression's large, unorganized circulation, in combination with previous rainfall along the Mexican coastline, resulted in the worst flooding in at least 40 years for the region with at least 384 casualties attributed to the resulting flood.[35]

Tropical Depression Twelve

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration October 6 – October 8
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  1007 mbar (hPa)

Tropical Depression Twelve developed from a tropical wave on October 6 between the Lesser Antilles and Cape Verde. It moved erratically to the west-northwest without developing. While this was going on, the low-level circulation was mostly on the west side of the convection, due to a lower-level trough to the depression's north. Convection diminished and dissipated on October 8 as the low level circulation became less well-defined. However, the remnant low-level cloud swirl could be tracked going west-northwest for several days afterwards, until dissipating completely north of the Lesser Antilles.

Hurricane Irene

Category 2 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration October 12 – October 19
Intensity 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min),  958 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Irene (1999)

Irene formed on October 12 from a broad trough of low pressure while south of the Isle of Youth. It headed north and passed over the Isle of Youth and western Cuba on October 14. While over the Straits of Florida, Irene reached hurricane strength. The next day, it made landfall at Key West, Florida, and again near Cape Sable, Florida. Half a day later, Irene moved back over water near Jupiter, Florida as a minimal hurricane. It slowly strengthened as it paralleled the Florida through North Carolina. When Irene interacted with a trough from the west while over the warm Gulf Stream waters, the hurricane rapidly intensified to a peak of 110 mph (180 km/h), but it accelerated to the northeast, weakening over the cooler waters of the North Atlantic. On October 19, Irene became extratropical near Newfoundland, and was absorbed by an extratropical low shortly thereafter.[36]

Irene dropped heavy rainfall throughout its path, especially in Cuba and Florida. Rainfall on Cuba peaked at 35.6 inches (905 mm) in Manaca-Iznaga,[37] while the rest of the island reported more than 7 inches (178 mm).[28] Flooding resulted more the heavy rains, damaging more than 27,000 homes and caused significant affects to banana plantations and sugar cane fields.[38] Hurricane forces winds were also reported in Havana.[28] There is no estimated damage toll, however, there were four fatalities reported.[39][40] Total damage in Florida was around $800 million (1999 USD). There were no direct deaths in the United States that are attributed to Irene, though there were eight indirect deaths. Damage in Cuba is not known. Irene also contributed slightly to ongoing flood problems in North Carolina in the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd.[36]

Hurricane Jose

Category 2 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration October 17 – October 25
Intensity 100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min),  979 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Jose (1999)

Jose formed on October 8 while 400 miles (640 km) east of the Windward Islands. The storm quickly strengthened into a hurricane and over 2,000 people were evacuated from islands in its path. It moved northwest, and as the hurricane passed over Antigua, Saint-Barthélemy and St. Martin on October 20 and October 21. Over a foot of rain fell on St. Martin. It weakened to a tropical storm as it approached the U.S. Virgin Islands and as it neared Puerto Rico, Jose turned to the north-northeast. Jose remained on a near-straight line track into the north Atlantic until it lost its tropical characteristics on October 25. It then merged with a non-tropical system. Jose caused one death in Antigua and one in St. Martin. Extensive damage was reported in St. Martin from flooding and mud slides, but no dollar value is attached to this. Damage to the affected US areas was minimal.[28]

Tropical Storm Katrina

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration October 27 – November 1
Intensity 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min),  999 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Katrina (1999)

Katrina formed in the southern Caribbean as a tropical depression on October 27. On October 28, Hurricane Hunters reported well-defined circulation near Panama. The storm moved northwest and became Tropical Storm Katrina in the early afternoon hours on October 29. Just barely reaching tropical storm status, the storm was only a tropical storm for six hours. The storm weakened to a tropical depression in the mid-evening hours of the same day. It made landfall at Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, during the time it was a tropical storm. The storm only made things slightly harder for the people of Nicaragua who were still recovering from Hurricane Mitch, which struck Nicaragua almost exactly one year earlier. The storm dissipated over the Yucatán Peninsula on November 1 as it was absorbed by a cold front.[41]

Katrina dropped heavy rainfall across, which was reported between 10 and 15 inches (250 to 375 mm) throughout Nicaragua and Honduras.[42] As a result of the flooding, roughly 1,200 people were evacuated to emergency shelters in Honduras. Flooding also damage five bridges in Honduras, and the cities of Tocoa and Trujillo were isolated as the Aguán and Siline rivers overflowed their banks.[43] Katrina also destroyed water pipes that were replaced shortly after destruction from Hurricane Mitch. Damage from Katrina was minimal, totaling to only $9,000 (1999 USD).[44] Shortly before dissipating, Katrina dropped moderate rainfall across the Yucatan Peninsula and eastern Mexico, peaking at 6.32 in (161 mm) in Cunduacán.[45]

Hurricane Lenny

Category 4 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration November 13 – November 23
Intensity 155 mph (250 km/h) (1-min),  933 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Lenny

Hurricane Lenny was a damaging late season hurricane first named on November 13 while in the western Caribbean Sea. Lenny tracked generally east over the Caribbean, and is the only storm recorded to have done so for an extended period of time and by November 15, Lenny had intensified to hurricane strength and was just south of Jamaica. Later that day, the National Hurricane Center upgraded Lenny to a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale. It weakened back to a Category 1 storm, only to rapidly strengthen to its maximum pressure just as it made landfall on the south coast of Saint Croix on November 17. As a weakening but slow moving storm, Lenny made landfall at Saint Martin, Anguilla, Saint-Barthélemy, and Antigua on November 18 and November 19. Lenny weakened to a tropical depression in the open Atlantic two days later and dissipated on November 23.[46]

Lenny brought more heavy rains to areas in the Leeward Islands that had been affected by Hurricane Jose just one month earlier, and brought more damage to areas struck by Hurricane Georges the previous year. Lenny also brought damaging surf to western shores of the entire Eastern Caribbean island chain, resulting in significant damage on a number of the islands. Many residents had to evacuate their homes as huge waves threatened — and in a number of cases (such as in St. Lucia) destroyed many buildings. There are seventeen deaths directly attributed to Lenny, including two in Colombia. Damage to the islands was considerable, totaling at $330 million United States dollars.

Lenny's 155 mph (249 km/h) peak, just below Category 5 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, makes it the strongest November hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin, although records before 1944 remain incomplete.[47]

Storm names

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1999. The names not retired from this list were used again in the 2005 season. It is the same list used for the 1993 season. A storm was named Lenny for the first (and only) time in 1999. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.

  • Ophelia (unused)
  • Philippe (unused)
  • Rita (unused)
  • Stan (unused)
  • Tammy (unused)
  • Vince (unused)
  • Wilma (unused)

Retirement

See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

The World Meteorological Organization retired two names in the spring of 2000: Floyd and Lenny. They were replaced in the 2005 season by Franklin and Lee.

Season effects

This is a table of the storms in 1999 and their landfall(s), if any. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still storm-related. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low.

1999 North Atlantic tropical cyclone statistics
Storm
name		 Dates active Storm category

at peak intensity

 Max
wind

(mph)

 Min.
press.
(mbar)		 Landfall(s) Damage
(millions
USD)		 Deaths
Where When Wind

(mph)
Arlene June 11 – June 18 Tropical storm 60 1006 none 0  0 
Two July 2 – July 3 Tropical depression 35 1004 Tuxpan, Veracruz July 3 35 0  0 
Bret August 18 – August 25 Category 4 hurricane 145 944 Kenedy County, Texas August 23 115 60  0 (4) 
Cindy August 19 – August 31 Category 4 hurricane 140 942 none 0  0 
Dennis August 24 – September 9 Category 2 hurricane 105 962 Harkers Island, North Carolina September 5 70 157  4 
Emily August 24 – August 28 Tropical storm 50 1004 none 0  0 
Seven September 5 – September 7 Tropical depression 35 1006 La Pesca, Tamaulipas September 6 35 Minor  0 
Floyd September 7 – September 17 Category 4 hurricane 155 921 Eleuthera Island, Bahamas September 14 155 4500  57 (20–30) 
Abaco Islands, Bahamas September 14 155
Cape Fear, North Carolina September 16 105
Long Island, New York September 17 45
Gert September 11 – September 23 Category 4 hurricane 150 930 none 1.9  2 
Harvey September 19 – September 22 Tropical storm 60 994 Everglades City, Florida September 21 55 15  0 
Eleven October 4 – October 6 Tropical depression 35 1002 none unknown  384 
Twelve October 6 – October 8 Tropical depression 35 1007 none 0  0 
Irene October 12 – October 19 Category 2 hurricane 110 958 Isle of Youth, Cuba October 14 70 800  3 (15) 
Batabano, Cuba October 14 70
Key West, Florida October 15 80
Cape Sable, Florida October 15 80
Jose October 17 – October 25 Category 2 hurricane 100 979 Leeward Islands October 20 90 5 2 
Katrina October 27 – November 1 Tropical storm 40 999 Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua October 29 40 minor  0 
Yucatán Peninsula October 31 30
Lenny November 13 – November 23 Category 4 hurricane 155 933 St. Maarten November 18 100 ≥330  17 
Season Aggregates
16 cyclones June 11
-November 23		   155 921 17 landfalls 5901.9 469 (39-49)

See also

Book: 1999 Atlantic hurricane season
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

References

  1. ^ Hurricane Research Division (March 2011). "Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Comparison_of_Original_and_Revised_HURDAT_mar11.html. Retrieved 2011-07-23. 
  2. ^ David Levinson (2008-08-20). "2005 Atlantic Ocean Tropical Cyclones". National Climatic Data Center. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2005/2005-atlantic-trop-cyclones.html. Retrieved 2011-07-23. 
  3. ^ a b Franklin, James (July 7, 1999). "Tropical Storm Arlene Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999arlene.html. Retrieved December 18, 2009. 
  4. ^ Jack Beven (January 20, 2000). "Tropical Depression TWO 1999 tracking and summary". NOAA. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999two.html. 
  5. ^ David M. Roth (2009). "Tropical Depression Two rainfall". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/td2a1999.html. Retrieved August 21, 2009. 
  6. ^ Dead
  7. ^ [1]
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  9. ^ a b c d e f g John Guiney (December 9, 1999). "Hurricane Cindy Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999cindy.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  10. ^ a b c John Guiney (August 19, 1999). "Tropical Depression Four Advisory #1". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/pub/PAL0499.001.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  11. ^ Brian Jarvinen (August 20, 1999). "Tropical Depression Four Discussion #6". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0499.006.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  12. ^ Brian Jarvinen (August 20, 1999). "Tropical Depression Four Advisory #6". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/pub/PAL0499.006.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  13. ^ Jack Beven (August 20, 1999). "Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion #8". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0499.008.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  14. ^ Richard Pasch (August 21, 1999). "Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion #10". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0499.010.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  15. ^ Max Mayfield (August 21, 1999). "Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion #11". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0499.011.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  16. ^ Brian Jarvinen (August 22, 1999). "Hurricane Cindy Advisory #13". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/pub/PAL0499.013.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  17. ^ Brian Jarvinen (August 22, 1999). "Hurricane Cindy Discussion #14". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0499.014.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  18. ^ Lixion Avila (August 22, 1999). "Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion #16". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0499.016.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  19. ^ James Franklin (August 23, 1999). "Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion #17". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0499.017.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  20. ^ Max Mayfield (August 25, 1999). "Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion #25". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0499.025.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  21. ^ James Franklin (August 27, 1999). "Hurricane Cindy Discussion #35". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0499.035.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  22. ^ Brian Jarvinen (August 28, 1999). "Hurricane Cindy Discussion #37". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0499.037.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  23. ^ James Franklin (August 28, 1999). "Hurricane Cindy Discussion #40". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/pub/PAL0499.040.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  24. ^ Brian Jarvinen (August 30, 1999). "Tropical Storm Cindy Advisory #50". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/pub/PAL0499.050.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  25. ^ a b Jack Beven (January 10, 2000). "Hurricane Dennis Preliminary Report". http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999dennis.html. Retrieved November 20, 2009. 
  26. ^ Lixion Avila (September 30, 1999). "Tropical Storm Emily Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999emily.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  27. ^ Lixion Avila (August 24, 1999). "Tropical Storm Emily Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0699.001.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  28. ^ a b c d Richard J. Pasch. "Hurricane Jose Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999jose.html. Retrieved July 27, 2007. 
  29. ^ a b c Lixion Avila (October 17, 1999). "Tropical Depression Seven Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999seven.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  30. ^ Miles Lawrence (September 5, 1999). "Tropical Depression Seven Discussion #2". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0799.002.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  31. ^ Jack Beven (September 7, 1999). "Tropical Depression Seven Discussion #8". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/1999/dis/NAL0799.008.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  32. ^ David Roth (May 1, 2009). "Tropical Depression #7 - September 3-10, 1999". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/td7of1999.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  33. ^ a b c Pasch, Richard; Kimberlain, Todd; Stewart, Stacy (November 18, 1999). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Floyd". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999floyd.html. Retrieved January 18, 2011. 
  34. ^ a b Miles B. Lawrence (July 22, 2000). "Hurricane Gert Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999gert.html. Retrieved June 21, 2008. 
  35. ^ David Roth (June 16, 2007). "Tropical Depression #11 - September 30-October 9, 1999". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/td11of1999.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  36. ^ a b Lixion Avila (November 12, 1999). "Hurricane Irene Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999irene.html. Retrieved June 25, 2006. 
  37. ^ Alejandro Bezanilla (January 2000). "Cyclone Season of 1999 on the North Atlantic Ocean". SOMETCUBA Bulletin. Cuban Meteorological Society. http://www.met.inf.cu/sometcuba/boletin/v06_n01/english/season4.htm. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  38. ^ CubaNet News (1999). "Cuba revela nuevas cifras de daños causados por huracán Irene" (in Spanish). http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y99/oct99/25o12.htm. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  39. ^ BBC News (October 15, 1999). "Hurricane Irene lashes Cuba". http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/475441.stm. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  40. ^ Mary Miranda (1999). "Four Dead or Missing; Thousands Evacuated as a Result of Irene". Cuba Free Press. http://www.cubafreepress.org/art2/cubap991015f.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  41. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (November 30, 1999). "Tropical Storm Katrina Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999katrina.html. Retrieved August 10, 2009. 
  42. ^ NOAA News (1999). "Atlantic Hurricane 1999 Season Summary". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s425c.htm. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 
  43. ^ Staff Writer (November 7, 1999). "Honduras - Floods OCHA - Situation Report No. 7". Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. http://www.cidi.org:8080/disaster/99b/0167.html. Retrieved June 27, 2009. 
  44. ^ Wendy Griffin (November 29, 1999). "Heavy rains wreck (sic) havoc on North Coast". Honduras This Week National. http://www.marrder.com/htw/nov99/national.htm. Retrieved June 27, 2009. 
  45. ^ David M. Roth (2009). "Tropical Storm Katrina - October 28-November 1, 1999". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina1999.html. Retrieved June 28, 2009. 
  46. ^ John L. Guiney (1999-12-09). "NHC Lenny Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999lenny.html. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 
  47. ^ "Atlantic Hurricane and Tropical Storm Records". Hurricane.com. http://www.hurricane.com/hurricane-records.php. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 

External links

Tropical cyclones of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season
Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
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